ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช


ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื•ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ

ืžื›ืจ/ืจื›ื™ืฉื”

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขืกืงืื•ืช ืžื›ืจ / ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ื, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื).

ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื’'.
• ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื / ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื”.
• ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื (ืฉื‘ื—, ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ืžืข"ืž, ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงืช ืžื›ืจ ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืงื”).

ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจืช ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืžืกื—ืจ/ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— – ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื•ื›ืจ, ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื (ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™) ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. 

ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืœืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•/ืื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•.

ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช (ืกื›ืกื•ืš) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžื ื•ืกื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืจืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื” (ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช) ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช. 

ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื›ืžืคืจืง / ื›ื•ื ืก ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืก ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง, ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื›ืก ื‘ืจื”-ืคืจืฆืœืฆื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ – ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš. 

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืขืจื•ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.

ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ื”ื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื•ืœืžืงืกื•ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื’ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ.

ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช

ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ("ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช", ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช).

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื˜ื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืื”. 

ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš (ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืจื•ืชืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘), ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืื ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ื—ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ื” ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืื™ื.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื–ื” ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืจื•ืคืื™ื / ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื / ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื/ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื) ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืืžืช ื•ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืื”.

ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืชืงืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื›ืชื”, ืขืžื“ื” "ื›ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”" ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืกืขืจื” ื•ืžืชืงืคื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.

ื™ืจื•ืฉื•ืช

ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื - ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืจื•ืฉื•ืช.

ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช

ืœืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ืื”, ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข – ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ – ืžืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžืก ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“, ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—.

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืฃ ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื• ืงื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื•ืฆื• ื™ืจื•ืฉื”

ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืง ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื•ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื ื”ืœ ืขื™ื–ื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ื•/ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช

ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš:

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•, ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืคื•ื™ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.

ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ (ื—ื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ). ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื™ืงื ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ื›ืฉื™ืจ, ืœื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื˜ืจืคื“ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื•. (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ืงื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘).

ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš. ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•ื™ื™ ื›ื— ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื – ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืœืงื•ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื›ื— ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื, ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘.

ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื• ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื•ืช, ื–ืžื ื™ ื•/ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•/ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื•ื™.

ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช/ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื


ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืฆื‘ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช/ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช, ืขืจืจื™ื ื•ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ (ืžืก ืฉื‘ื— ื•ืžืก ืจื›ื™ืฉื”).

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช, ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืงืžืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืชืงื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘.

ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืง ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” / ืขืžื•ืชื” / ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆ"ื‘.

ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ 

ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ: ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืคืงืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืจืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช/ืจืฉื ื”ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ 

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช/ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช.

ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช

ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:
ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื (ื›ืกืคื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื™ื, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“).

ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืืงื“ืžื™ ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื/ืžื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง.

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. 

ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืžื›ืจ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉื”, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”

ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื’ื‘ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ืœืื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ื•ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขืชื“ื™ื ื•/ืื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš, ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ื•ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•; ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืชืคื’ืขื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช.

ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืจื›ืฉ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืฆื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช/ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืกื›ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ (ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜), ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื’ื‘ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช -  ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.  

ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”

ืขื•"ื“ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืคืœื™ืกืจ, ื”ื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ (ืžืจื›ื– ืจืงืžืŸ), ื›ืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžืืช IACP - ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. 

ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•, ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื (ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ) ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื™ืคื”, ืœืœื ื›ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจ, ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ื—ื, ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืฆื™ื•ืช. 

ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช.

ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” - ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ

ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื™ืงื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืคืจืขื•.

ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื• ื ืฆื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ืœื• ื•ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื ื•.

ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื•, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขืกืงื, ื”ืžื—ืื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ืคืจืขื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื (ื‘ื ืงื™ื, ื’ื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•') ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ.

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช.

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื• ืจื‘-ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉืืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ื-ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืงื ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื-ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ. 

ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื, ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.

ืขื•"ื“ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืคืœื™ืกืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื’ืฉืจ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืžื˜ืขื ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.